Capital Management

He applied statistics to study human differences and the alleged "inheritance of intelligence", foreshadowing future uses of "intelligence testing" by the anthropometry school. [163], The Nazis considered most Slavs to be non-Aryan Untermenschen. Cyrus Hall McCormick (February 15, 1809 – May 13, 1884) was an American inventor and businessman who founded the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which later became part of the International Harvester Company in 1902. Vous pouvez également consulter une chronologie de la place des femmes dans les sciences, la liste des lauréates du prix Nobel ainsi qu'une liste de mathématiciennes et une liste de femmes architectes. Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. Charles Darwin himself opposed the idea of rigid racial differences in The Descent of Man (1871), in which he argued that humans were all of one species, sharing common descent. The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, i.e., subscribing to the belief that the human population can or should be classified into races with differential abilities and dispositions, which in turn may motivate a political ideology in which rights and privileges are differentially distributed based on racial categories. The Hottentots (Nama or Khoi) were formed by the merger of Hamitic and Bushmen (San) races—both being termed nowadays as Khoisan peoples. This is a non-diffusing subcategory of Category:American company founders. It shares a great deal with xenophobia, which is often characterised by fear of, or aggression toward, members of an outgroup by members of an ingroup. [137] While many Latin American countries have long since rendered the system officially illegal through legislation, usually at the time of their independence, prejudice based on degrees of perceived racial distance from European ancestry combined with one's socioeconomic status remain, an echo of the colonial caste system. On January 26, 1858, 49-year-old Cyrus McCormick married his secretary Nancy "Nettie" Fowler (1835–1923). "[38] Sellers and Shelton (2003) found that a relationship between racial discrimination and emotional distress was moderated by racial ideology and social beliefs. [192] The Zanzibar Revolution of January 12, 1964, put an end to the local Arab dynasty. Ewen & Ewen (2006), "Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality", Seven Stories Press, New York. Much of the sociological literature focuses on white racism. It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against other people because they are of a different race or ethnicity. [75] By making these generalizations and othering the East, Europe was simultaneously defining herself as the norm, further entrenching the gap. Before being disqualified in the 20th century by the American school of cultural anthropology (Franz Boas, etc. Between June 1941 and January 1942, the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million Red Army POWs, whom they viewed as "subhuman". The legacy Catholic Spaniards then formulated the Cleanliness of blood doctrine. The UDHR recognizes that if people are to be treated with dignity, they require economic rights, social rights including education, and the rights to cultural and political participation and civil liberty. The latter argued that the Indians practiced human sacrifice of innocents, cannibalism, and other such "crimes against nature"; they were unacceptable and should be suppressed by any means possible including war,[134] thus reducing them to slavery or serfdom was in accordance with Catholic theology and natural law. [201] In 2008, the tribunal of the 15-nation Southern African Development Community (SADC) accused Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe of having a racist attitude towards white people. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire, the "sick man of Europe", was confronted with endless nationalist movements, which, along with the dissolving of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, would lead to the creation, after World War I, of the various nation-states of the Balkans, with "national minorities" in their borders.[107]. The Westphalia Treaty had divided Europe into various empires and kingdoms (such as the Ottoman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Swedish Empire, the Kingdom of France, etc. Vacher de Lapouge thus created a hierarchical classification of races, in which he identified the "Homo europaeus (Teutonic, Protestant, etc. Scientific racism fell strongly out of favor in the early 20th century, but the origins of fundamental human and societal differences are still researched within academia, in fields such as human genetics including paleogenetics, social anthropology, comparative politics, history of religions, history of ideas, prehistory, history, ethics, and psychiatry. 3,022 Likes, 39 Comments - William & Mary (@william_and_mary) on Instagram: “Move-In looks a little different this year, and we know there are mixed emotions right now. [27] He was buried in Graceland Cemetery. [42], Therefore, subconscious racism can influence our visual processing and how our minds work when we are subliminally exposed to faces of different colors. Such aspects are described in this section, although the list is not exhaustive. [52][53] From this perspective, while members of ethnic minorities may be prejudiced against members of the dominant culture, they lack the political and economic power to actively oppress them, and they are therefore not practicing "racism".[1][52][56]. Culture and race became considered intertwined and dependent upon each other, sometimes even to the extent of including nationality or language to the set of definition. [57] People who behave in an aversively racial way may profess egalitarian beliefs, and will often deny their racially motivated behavior; nevertheless they change their behavior when dealing with a member of another race or ethnic group than the one they belong to. Subcategories. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa And The Legacy Of Late Colonialism: Contemporary Africa And The Legacy Of Late Colonialism, p. Where In the World Should I Invest: An Insider's Guide to Making Money Around the Globe. [121] By the 14th century, a significant number of slaves came from sub-Saharan Africa; Lewis argues that this led to the likes of Egyptian historian Al-Abshibi (1388–1446) writing that "[i]t is said that when the [black] slave is sated, he fornicates, when he is hungry, he steals. [18] McCormick later proposed an international mechanism to control food production and distribution. About Wikipedia; Disclaimers; Search. [150] The colonization effort resulted from a mixture of motives with its founder Henry Clay stating that "unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color, they never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country. [193] Thousands of Arabs and Indians in Zanzibar were massacred in riots, and thousands more were detained or fled the island. The system and ideology of the limpieza de sangre ostracized false Christian converts from society in order to protect it against treason. [28] He was survived by his widow, Nettie, who continued his Christian and charitable activities, within the United States and abroad, between 1890 and her death in 1923, donating $8 million (over $160 million in modern equivalents) to hospitals, disaster and relief agencies, churches, youth activities and educational institutions, and becoming the leading benefactress of Presbyterian Church activities in that era.[19]. Language, linguistics, and discourse are active areas of study in the humanities, along with literature and the arts. [191] They migrated to escape racial discrimination and wholesale nationalisation of private enterprises a few years later, in 1964. His celebration was short-lived after he learned that he had lost a court challenge to Hussey's patent.[12]. [208] In the Sudan, black African captives in the civil war were often enslaved, and female prisoners were often sexually abused. Despite the restoration of the previous order with the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the "nationalities question" became the main problem of Europe during the Industrial Era, leading in particular to the 1848 Revolutions, the Italian unification completed during the 1871 Franco-Prussian War, which itself culminated in the proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, thus achieving the German unification. The Nuremberg Laws stripped all Jews, even quarter- and half-Jews (second and first degree Mischlings), of their German citizenship. The Jakarta riots of May 1998 targeted many Chinese Indonesians. [190] Ne Win's rise to power in Burma in 1962 and his relentless persecution of "resident aliens" led to an exodus of some 300,000 Burmese Indians. The Dannielynn Hope Marshall Birkhead paternity case, a.k.a. Here, a series of Apartheid legislation was passed through the legal systems to make it legal for white South Africans to have rights which were superior to those of non-white South Africans. [8] None was sold, however, because the machine could not handle varying conditions. ", "China's black pop idol exposes her nation's racism", "TV talent show exposes China's race issue", "Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance", Arab militia use 'rape camps' for ethnic cleansing of Sudan, "Reuters AlertNet – Niger's Arabs say expulsions will fuel race hate", "Africa | Niger starts mass Arab expulsions", "Refworld – The Leader in Refugee Decision Support", "Analysis | Indonesia: Why ethnic Chinese are afraid", Algeria: Xenophobia against Chinese on the rise in Africa, Rioters attack Chinese after Zambian poll, "Lesotho: Anti-Chinese resentment flares", "Editorial: Racist moves will rebound on Tonga", Looters shot dead amid chaos of Papua New Guinea's anti-Chinese riots, Fiji Islands: From Immigration to Emigration, "Nik Aziz says 'bumiputera' term is racist", Rohingya refugees share stories of sexual violence, Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations, "A map of the most racist countries in Europe", "This map shows what white Europeans associate with race – and it makes for uncomfortable reading", "The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex", Études de langue et littérature françaises, "Human zoos – Racist theme parks for Europe's colonialists", "Ces zoos humains de la République coloniale", Savages and Beasts – The Birth of the Modern Zoo, "Can race be erased? Historically, racism was a major driving force behind the Transatlantic slave trade. The errors that the subjects made in recalling who said what indicated that they sometimes mis-attributed a statement to a speaker of the same race as the "correct" speaker, although they also sometimes mis-attributed a statement to a speaker "on the same side" as the "correct" speaker. Chicago had no paved streets at the time, but the city had the best water transportation from the east over the Great Lakes for his raw materials, as well as railroad connections to the farther west where his customers would be. The Pan-German League (Alldeutscher Verband), created in 1891, promoted German imperialism and "racial hygiene", and was opposed to intermarriage with Jews. [210] In October 2006, Niger announced that it would deport the approximately 150,000[211] Arabs living in the Diffa region of eastern Niger to Chad. Instant access to inspirational lesson plans, schemes of work, assessment, interactive activities, resource packs, PowerPoints, teaching ideas at Twinkl! McConahay, J.B. (1986). [citation needed] Henceforth, scientific racist discourses could be defined as the combination of polygenism, unilinealism, social Darwinism, and eugenism. Du Bois, represents early African-American literature that describes the author's experiences with racism when he was traveling in the South as an African American. Evolutionary psychologists John Tooby and Leda Cosmides were puzzled by the fact that in the US, race is one of the three characteristics most often used in brief descriptions of individuals (the others are age and sex). While some genes are more common in certain populations, there are no genes that exist in all members of one population and no members of any other.[240]. Carl Hagenbeck, inventor of the modern zoos, exhibited animals beside humans who were considered "savages".[246][247]. "Reverse racism" is a concept often used to describe acts of discrimination or hostility against members of a dominant racial or ethnic group while favoring members of minority groups. The Bell machine was pushed by horses. [1][2][3][4] It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against other people because they are of a different race or ethnicity. Alvina August, Actress: Woke. [194] In August 1972, Ugandan President Idi Amin started the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. "[251] Simulation-based experiments in evolutionary game theory have attempted to provide an explanation for the selection of ethnocentric-strategy phenotypes. [117][123], However, according to Wesleyan University professor Abdelmajid Hannoum, such attitudes were not prevalent until the 18th and 19th centuries. The young McCormick was granted a patent on the reaper on June 21, 1834,[7] two years after having been granted a patent for a self-sharpening plow. After his machine successfully harvested a field of green wheat while the Hussey machine failed, he won a gold medal and was admitted to the Legion of Honor. White Sr.: The little problem I had renting a house, United States Declaration of Independence, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Pennsylvania gubernatorial election of 1866, End of World War II on the European continent, International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, "International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination", Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "Framework decision on combating racism and xenophobia", "The persistence of racial thinking and the myth of racial divergence", "Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice", "Racist and Religious Crime – CPS Prosecution Policy". We want…” The McCormick family also worked together in a blacksmith/metal smelting business. Therefore, the Negro nations are, as a rule, submissive to slavery, because (Negroes) have little that is (essentially) human and possess attributes that are quite similar to those of dumb animals, as we have stated. [136], In the Spanish colonies, Spaniards developed a complex caste system based on race, which was used for social control, and which also determined a person's importance in society. [233][234], The 2016 Pew Research poll found that Italians, in particular, hold strong anti-Romani views, with 82% of Italians expressing negative opinions about Romani. Throughout history, when an adversary is identified as "other" based on notions of race or ethnicity (in particular when "other" is interpreted to mean "inferior"), the means employed by the self-presumed "superior" party to appropriate territory, human chattel, or material wealth often have been more ruthless, more brutal, and less constrained by moral or ethical considerations. [72], Maulana Karenga argued that racism constituted the destruction of culture, language, religion, and human possibility and that the effects of racism were "the morally monstrous destruction of human possibility involved redefining African humanity to the world, poisoning past, present and future relations with others who only know us through this stereotyping and thus damaging the truly human relations among peoples". In 1943, Japan and its allies declared work for the abolition of racial discrimination to be their aim at the Greater East Asia Conference. Cazenave and Maddern (1999) define racism as "a highly organized system of 'race'-based group privilege that operates at every level of society and is held together by a sophisticated ideology of color/'race' supremacy. Discourse analysis seeks to reveal the meaning of race and the actions of racists through careful study of the ways in which these factors of human society are described and discussed in various written and oral works. The "newer" (more hidden and less easily detectable) forms of racism – which can be considered embedded in social processes and structures – are more difficult to explore as well as challenge. The Nazi Party's chief racial theorist, Alfred Rosenberg, adopted the term from Klansman Lothrop Stoddard's 1922 book The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under-man. [129] The Inquisition was carried out by members of the Dominican Order in order to weed out the converts who still practiced Judaism and Islam in secret. After the Napoleonic Wars, Europe was confronted with the new "nationalities question", leading to reconfigurations of the European map, on which the frontiers between the states had been delineated during the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. Notions of race and racism have often played central roles in ethnic conflicts. He received a second patent for reaper improvements on January 31, 1845. The United Nations use the definition of racial discrimination laid out in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted in 1966: ... any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin that has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life. Hamites were regarded as Caucasoid peoples who probably originated in either Arabia or Asia on the basis of their cultural, physical and linguistic similarities with the peoples of those areas. France Winddance Twine (born 1960) is a sociologist, documentary filmmaker, a visual artist and an enrolled citizen of the Muskogee Creek Nation of Oklahoma. It was then restricted by Karl Friedrich Lepsius (1810–1877) to non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages.[145]. Applying Galton's eugenics to his theory of races, Vacher de Lapouge's "selectionism" aimed first at achieving the annihilation of trade unionists, considered to be a "degenerate"; second, creating types of man each destined to one end, in order to prevent any contestation of labour conditions. [citation needed], The term is often used in relation to what is seen as prejudice within a minority or subjugated group, as in the concept of reverse racism. [92] Also, in 1950, the European Convention on Human Rights was adopted, which was widely used on racial discrimination issues.[93]. "[101], Racial prejudice became subject to international legislation. (2010). They conflated nationalities with ethnic groups, called "races", in a radical distinction from previous racial discourses that posited the existence of a "race struggle" inside the nation and the state itself. [9] Racism has played a role in genocides such as the Holocaust, the Armenian genocide, and the genocide of Serbs, as well as colonial projects including the European colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia as well as the Soviet deportations of indigenous minorities. Works such as Arthur de Gobineau's An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853–1855) may be considered as one of the first theorizations of this new racism, founded on an essentialist notion of race, which opposed the former racial discourse, of Boulainvilliers for example, which saw in races a fundamentally historical reality, which changed over time. The element "maku" appears as both a verb and a noun. [124] James E. Lindsay also argues that the concept of an Arab identity itself did not exist until modern times.[125]. Whitecapping, which started in Indiana in the late 19th century, soon spread throughout all of North America, causing many African laborers to flee from the land they worked on. According to historian Daniel Richter, Pontiac's Rebellion saw the emergence on both sides of the conflict of "the novel idea that all Native people were 'Indians,' that all Euro-Americans were 'Whites,' and that all on one side must unite to destroy the other". Therefore, racism and racial discrimination are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, independent of whether these differences are described as racial. Racial ideologies and racial identity affect individuals' perception of race and discrimination. Bernard Lewis has also cited historians and geographers of the Middle East and North Africa region,[117] including Al-Muqaddasi, Al-Jahiz, Al-Masudi, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, and Ibn Qutaybah. Cyrus McCormick held one of his first demonstrations of mechanical reaping at the nearby village of Steeles Tavern, Virginia in 1831. However, this project had been abandoned. In that sense it is also similar to communalism as used in South Asia. Dawkins writes that racial prejudice, while not evolutionarily adaptive, "could be interpreted as an irrational generalization of a kin-selected tendency to identify with individuals physically resembling oneself, and to be nasty to individuals different in appearance. He also licensed several others across the country to build the reaper, but their quality often proved poor, which hurt the product's reputation. [180] Hitler's 1925 memoir Mein Kampf was full of admiration for America's treatment of "coloreds". McCormick hired the former U.S. Attorney General Reverdy Johnson and New York patent attorney Edward Nicholl Dickerson. Non-white South Africans were also prevented from accessing certain public areas, from using certain public transportation, and were required to live only in certain designated areas. Nancy Twine didn't simply set out to make natural shampoos and conditioners, free of harsh chemicals and ingredients: She wanted to develop products that actually worked as … [18] She was an orphan from New York who had graduated from the Troy Female Seminary and moved to Chicago. [2][3] Modern variants of racism are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. A man speaks as he holds the piece of upholsterer's twine. [232], One form of racism in the United States was enforced racial segregation, which existed until the 1960s, when it was outlawed in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. [206] Her attention in the media opened serious debates about racism in China and racial prejudice. Chinese self-identification as a "yellow race" predated such European racial concepts.[141]. He argues that some accounts of Arabic texts, such as those of Ibn Khaldun, were mistranslations by French Orientalists projecting racist and colonialist views of the 19th century into their translations of medieval Arabic writings. "[84] Attitudes of black supremacy, Arab supremacy, and East Asian supremacy also exist. So it was with the Hellenes who denominated all non-Hellenes—whether the wild Scythians or the Egyptians whom they acknowledged as their mentors in the arts of civilization—Barbarians, the term denoting that which was strange or foreign.[116]. The human twin birth rate in the United States rose 76% from 1980 through 2009, from 9.4 to 16.7 twin sets (18.8 to 33.3 twins) per 1,000 births. During the last four years of his life, McCormick became an invalid, after a stroke paralyzed his legs; he was unable to walk during his final two years. In their 1978 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice (Article 1), the UN states, "All human beings belong to a single species and are descended from a common stock. [166] Significant war crimes were committed against Slavs, particularly Poles, and Soviet POWs had a far higher mortality rate than their American and British counterparts due to deliberate neglect and mistreatment. "[182], White supremacy was dominant in the U.S. up to the civil rights movement. [13] Today, some scholars of racism prefer to use the concept in the plural racisms, in order to emphasize its many different forms that do not easily fall under a single definition. In 1869, McCormick donated $10,000 to help Dwight L. Moody start YMCA, and his son Cyrus Jr. would become the first chairman of the Moody Bible Institute. Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting), Anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms, Soviet deportations of indigenous minorities, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), James A. They frequently eat each other. Issue 2595, 17 March 2007. His sister was TV star Nancy McKeon. A lifelong Democrat, before the American Civil War, McCormick had published editorials in his newspapers, The Chicago Times and Herald, calling for reconciliation between the national sections. It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a bathroom, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. Six men posing in a room. Above in a cloud is an image of the "Freedman's Bureau! By April 1939, nearly all Jewish companies had either collapsed under financial pressure and declining profits, or had been persuaded to sell out to the Nazi government. Museum Number E.3596-2000. He also supported efforts to annex the Dominican Republic as a territory of the United States. [21] The revised Oxford English Dictionary cites the shortened term "racism" in a quote from the following year, 1903. It includes company founders that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. [243], Human zoos (called "People Shows"), were an important means of bolstering popular racism by connecting it to scientific racism: they were both objects of public curiosity and of anthropology and anthropometry. [197] [40], This process has been studied extensively in social psychology as implicit associations and implicit attitudes, a component of implicit cognition. I … They found that the ethnocentric individuals clustered together, then grew, until all the non-ethnocentric individuals were wiped out. [119] The Afro-Arab author Al-Jahiz, himself having a Zanj grandfather, wrote a book entitled Superiority of the Blacks to the Whites,[120] and explained why the Zanj were black in terms of environmental determinism in the "On the Zanj" chapter of The Essays. If you're interested in making interactive fiction then there's no better place to start than Twine. [10] Indigenous peoples have been—and are—often subject to racist attitudes. Sangre azul, blue blood, was thus a euphemism for being a white man—Spain's own particular reminder that the refined footsteps of the aristocracy through history carry the rather less refined spoor of racism.

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